Analysis of organic functional groups and some trace heavy metals in the settleable dust particles (dustfall) of Sulaimani City/KURDISTAN REGION-IRAQ.


Salih N. Majid

Faculty of Agricultural Sciences/ University of Sulaimani/ Iraqi Kurdistan Region

Abstract

Ambient settleable (dustfall) dust particles samples were collected during August 2009
to March 2010 from 18 locations in Sulaimani City/KRI for qualitative analyzing by
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy instrument to characterize the common
functional groups that existed in the samples. Furthermore, the samples were
quantitatively analyzed for the heavy metals contents of; V, Co and As by Inductively
Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy ICP-OES. The collected samples
involved samples of settleable dust particles from local source of the city (location 1 to
15) and settleable dust particles from dust storm event of 22 February, 2010 (location 16
to18). The FTIR analysis identified the following functional groups; Sulfinate ester;
Sulfoxide; Sulfate ion; P. Amine (bend.); Carbonyl; Thiol; Alkanes HC; P. Amine (str.);
Bonded and free hydroxyl group in all the samples of (1 to 15) for the local source of
dust particles except sample location number 6 which was free from sulfoxide, p. amine
(bend.), carbonyl and p. amine (str.) as compared to the samples of other locations and
it was also the only sampling location that had a silicate group. Moreover, sample
location number 13 was the only location that had an extra functional group of isocyanide
or alkynes HC functional group. For the dust storm samples of location numbers 16, 17
and 18 had also all the above mentioned 9 functional groups except the alkanes HC
functional group. On the other hand, the concentration ranges of the studied heavy metals
were (0.20 – 3.20), (2.02 – 5.45) and (2.89 – 45.50) mg dust kg-1 dust for As, Co and V
respectively in all the studied locations.

Key Words:
Settleable dust
(Dustfall), Functional
groups, Dust storm,
Heavy metals.

REFERENCES

 [1] Kumar, P. and Joseph, A. E. “Air pollution concentrations of PM2.5 ,PM10.0 and NO2 at ambient and kerbsite and their correlation in Metro city-Mumbai”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 119:191-199.  (2006).

[2] Dimari, GA.,  Hati, SS.,  Waziri, M.  and Maitera O.N. “ Pollution synergy from particulate matter sources: The Harmattan Fugitive dust and combustion emission in Maduguri Metroplis Nigeria”. European Journal of Scientific Research 23(3): 465-471. (2008).

[3] Majid, SN. “Valuation of ambient air pollution: a study of some urban areas in Sulaimani city and its surrounding/Kurdistan Region of Iraq”.  A Dissertation Submitted to the Council of Agricultural Faculty/ Sulaimani University in partial fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Pollution (Air Pollution). Regional Government of Iraqi Kurdistan. (2011).

[4] Dellinger, B., Pryor, WA., Ceuto, R., Squadrito, GL., Hedge, V. and Deutsch, WA. “Role of free radicals in the toxicity of airborne fine particulate matter”. Chem Res Toxicol.  14:1371–1377. (2001).

[5] Knaapen, AM., Shi, TM., Borm, PJA. and Schins, RPF. “Soluble metals as well as the insoluble particle fraction are involved in cellular DNA damage induced by particulate matter”. MolCellBiochem.234(1):317–326. (2002).

[6] Cheeseman, KH. and Slater, TF. “An introduction to free radicals chemistry”. Br Med Bull. 49:481–493. (1993).

 [7] Järup, L. “Hazards of heavy metal contamination”. British Medical Bulletin, Vol. 68: 167–182. DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldg032. (2003).

[8] Akoto, O., Ephraim, J. H., Darko, G. “Heavy metals pollution in surface soils in the vicinity of abundant railway servicing workshop in Kumasi, Ghana”. Int. J. Environ. Res., 2 (4), pp 359-364. (2008).

 [9] CONCAWE (Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe). “The health effects of PM2.5 (including ultrafine particles)”. Brussels. (1999)

[10] WHO (World Health Organization). “Air quality guidelines – second edition”. World Health Organization Regional Of­fice for Europe: Copenhagen. (2000).

[11] Husain, B. A. “Green areas in the city of Sulaimani: A study in urban geography”. A thesis Submitted to the Council of Human Sciences College /Sulaimani University as partial fulfillment of masters Degree in geography. Regional Government of Iraqi Kurdistan. (In Kurdish Language). (2010).

[12] HCDES (Hamilton County Department of Environmental Services). ‘Particulate Matter. Total Suspended Particulates”. Available at: http://www.hcdoes.org/airquality/Monitoring/tsp.htm. (2010).

[13] Rayment, G.E. and Higginson, F.R. “Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Methods”. Inkata Press, Melbourne. (Australian Soil and Land Survey Handbook, vol. 3). (1992).

[14] Black, C., A., Evans, D. D., White, J. L., Ensminger, L. E., Clark, F. E., and Dinauer, R. C. “Methods of Soil analysis. Part 1& Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties”. American Society of Agronomy, Publisher Madison, Wisconsin, USA. (1965).

[15] Loeppert, R.M., Hallmark C.T. and Koshy, M.M. “Routine procedure for rapid determination of soil carbonate”. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.48:1030-1033. (1974).

[16] Kassim, JK. “Method for estimation of calcium carbonate in soils from Iraq”. International Journal of Environment.V(1), Issue-1, pp 9-19. (2013).

[17] Yaalon, DH. “Problems of soil testing on calcareous soil”. Plant & Soil,8: 275-288. (1957).

[18] NIU (Northern Illinois University). “ FT-IR sample preparation. Chemistry Analytical Lab”. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Northern Illinois University. USA. Available at: http://www.niu.edu/analyticallab/ftir/samplepreparation.shtml. (2007).

[19] International Organization for Standardization. “Soil quality extraction of trace elements soluble in aqua regia”. ISO 11466:1995(E). ISO, Geneva. Cited from Pueyo, M., Sastre, J., Hernandez, E., Vidal, M., Lopez-Sanchez, J. F., and Rauret, G. (2003). Prediction of Trace Element Mobility in Contaminated Soils by Sequential Extraction. J. Environmental Quality 32:2054-2066. (1995).

[20] Ruellan, A. “Morphology and distribution of calcareous soils in Mediterranean and desert regions”. VP. FAO; FAO/UNDP Regional Seminar on Reclamation and Management of Calcareous Soils, Cairo (Egypt), 27 Nov - 2 Dec 1972. 31 p. (1972).

[21] Turpin, BJ., and Lim, HJ. “Species contributions to PM2.5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass”.Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 602– 610. (2001).

[22] Markowicz, KM., Flatau, P J.,  Quinn, PK.,  Carrico, CM.,  Flatau, MK., Vogelmann, AM.,  Bates, D.,  Liu, M. and Rood, MJ. “Influence of relative humidity on aerosol radiative forcing: An ACE-Asia experiment perspective”.J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 8662,doi:10.1029/2002JD003066. (2003). 

[23] Kim, J., Yoon, SC., Jefferson, A.  and Kim, SW. “Aerosol hygroscopic properties during Asian dust, pollution, and biomass burning episodes at Gosan, Korea in April 2001”. Atmos. Environ., 40, 1550–1560. (2006),

[24] Anıl, I., Golcuk, K. and Faraca, F. “ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Study of Functional Groups in Aerosols: The Contribution of a Saharan Dust Transport to Urban Atmosphere in Istanbul, Turkey”. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 225:1898. (2014).

[25] Loudon, GM. “Organic Chemistry”. Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press. New York, Oxford. (2002).

 [26] Gilardoni, S., Russell, LM., Sorooshian, A., Flagan, RC., Seinfeld, JH., Bates, TS., Quinn, PK., Allan, JD., Williams, B., Goldstein, AH., Onasch, TB.and Worsnop, DR. “Regional variation of organic functional groups in aerosol particles on four U.S. east coast platforms during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation 2004 Campaign”. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112, D10S27, doi:10.1029/2006JD007737. (2007).

[27] Chen, TB., Wong, WJC., Zhou, HY and Wong, MH.  “Assessment of trace metal distribution and contamination in surface soil of Hong Kong”. Environmental Pollution 96, No1, 61-68. (1997).  

[28] Liu, S., Shilling, JE., Song, C., Hiranuma, N., Zaveri, RA.,  and Russell, LM. ‘Hydrolysis of Organonitrate Functional Groups in Aerosol Particles”. Aerosol Science and Technology, 46(12):1359-1369·(2012).

[29] Byerrum, RU.”Vanadium. In: Merian E, ed. “Metals and their compounds in the environment”Weinheim, Germany”: VCH, 1289-1297. (1991).

[30] Baroch, EF. “Vanadium and vanadium alloys”. In: Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2006).

[31] Lide, DR. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. 88th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 4-40, 4-90, 4-92, 4-98. (2008).

[32] Masten, S, and Haneke, KE. Cobalt Dust [7440-48-4]. “Review of Toxicological Literature”. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences P.O. Box 12233 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 Contract No. N01-ES-65402 and Integrated Laboratory Systems P.O. Box 13501 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709. (2002).

[33] ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). “Public Health Statement”. Cobal.CAS#: 7440-48-4. Division of Toxicology.  Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Available at:   http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp33-c1-b.pdf. (2004).

[34] WHO (World Health Organization). “Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds”. Environmental Health Criteria, vol. 224. Geneva. (2001). 

[35] ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). “Public Health Statement. Arsenic. CAS#: 7440-38-2. Division of Toxicology”.  DEPARTMENT of HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Available at:  http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp2-c1-b.pdf. (2007).

 [36] Mohamed, TA.,  Mohamed, MA-K., Ragab Rabeiy, R. and Ghandour, MA. “A Study of Heavy Metals in the Dust Fall around Assiut Fertilizer Plant”. Journal of Environmental Protection 4, 1488-1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.412170. (2013).

[37] Addo, MA., Darko, EO., Gordon, C., Nyarko, BJB. And Gbadago, JK. “Heavy Metal Concentrations in Road Deposited Dust at Ketu-South District, Ghana”. International Journal of Science and Technology. Volume 2 No.1, January 2012   (2012).

[38] Keskin, SS. and Kus, HM. “Heavy Metal Characterization of Road Dust and Possible Contribution to Ambient Air P”. J. Int. Environmental Application & Science, Vol. 9(5): 597-602 (2014) 597. (2014).

[39] Krzeminska-Flowers, M.,  Bem, H. and Gorecka, H.Trace “Metals Concentration in Size-Fractioned Urban Air Particulate Matter in Lodz, Poland. I. Seasonal and Site Fluctuations”  Polish J. of Environ. Stud. Vol. 15, No. 5 (2006), 759-767. They studied many heavy metal in fly ash escaping from power plant, (2006).