An investigation of the Severity levels of Loneliness suicidal ideation among Patients with Major Depressive Disorder in Sulaimani City/Iraq Kurdistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10861Keywords:
Loneliness, Major depressive disorder, Severity levelAbstract
Background: Major depressive disorder has become one of the most common mental disorders worldwide. Loneliness considers significant psychological distress associated with depression and suicidality. It is important to be detected and interviewed for patient safety.
Aim: This study aims to find the prevalence rates the severity levels of loneliness and to identify risk factors among community-based patients with major depressive disorder.
Methods: A total of 250 patients with major depressive disorder were recruited from a psychiatric clinic in Ali Kamal Consolation Centre in Sulaimani city included in this cross-sectional study. The data were collected from September 2020 to March 2021 through the utilization of interviews guided by the items of the questionnaire. The ULLA loneliness scale, Beck suicide ideation inventory, Beck depression inventory, sociodemographic, and psychiatric history characteristics were included in the questionnaire. The SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis.
Results: All the studied patients with major depressive disorder mean age ± SD was 38.7 ± 12.4 years, 60% of females had a feeling of loneliness. The most significant proportion of the patients had (62.8%) a frequent level of loneliness, with 43.2% mild form of depression and 64.4% had a moderate level of suicidal ideation. It is evident in this study that more than half (51.5%) of patients with suicidal attempts had a feeling of loneliness, which was significantly higher than the rate (27.8%) among those with no history of suicidal attempt (p < 0.0.1).
Conclusion: Suicidal Patients with major depressive disorder had experience feelings of loneliness at a frequent level. The severe level of loneliness was a predictor of the severity level of depression and suicidal ideation.
Recommendation: Regular evaluation of loneliness and depression can help to detect patients at risk of suicidal behavior and encourage greater social engagement in daily life activities for patients with depression.
References
Lasgaard M, Goossens L, Elklit A. Loneliness, depressive symptomatology, and suicide ideation in adolescence: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Journal of abnormal child psychology. 2011 Jan;39(1):137-50.
Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Archives of general psychiatry. 2019 Oct 1;62(10):1097-106.
Reutfors J, Brandt L, Ekbom A, Isacsson G, Sparén P, Ösby U. Suicide and hospitalization for mental disorders in Sweden: a population-based case-control study. Journal of psychiatric research. 2010 Sep 1;44(12):741-7.
Hammen. C. stress and depression. Annual Review clinical psychology, ISBN .2005. 243-319.
Grygiel P, Switaj P, Anczewska M, Humenny G, Rebisz S, Sikorska J. Loneliness and Depression among Polish University Students: Preliminary Findings from a Longitudinal Study. Bulgarian Comparative Education Society. 2013.
Thurston RC, Kubzansky LD. Women, loneliness, and incident coronary heart disease. Psychosomatic medicine. 2009 Oct;71(8):836.
Rahman MS, Rahman MA, Rahman MS. Prevalence and determinants of loneliness among older adults in Bangladesh. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences. 2019;5(2):57-64.
Hankin BL. Personality and depressive symptoms: Stress generation and cognitive vulnerabilities to depression in a prospective daily diary study. Journal of social and clinical psychology. 2010 Apr;29(4):369-401.
Beutel ME, Klein EM, Brähler E, Reiner I, Jünger C, Michal M, Wiltink J, Wild PS, Münzel T, Lackner KJ, Tibubos AN. Loneliness in the general population: prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health. BMC psychiatry. 2017 Dec 1;17(1):97.
Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of behavioral medicine. 2010 Oct 1;40(2):218 27.
Klein A. Loneliness and depression. What the connection, Health line media.2020.
Weiten W, Dunn DS, Hammer EY. Psychology applied to modern life: Adjustment in the 21st century. Nelson Education; 2014.
Meltzer H, Bebbington P, Dennis MS, Jenkins R, McManus S, Brugha TS. Feelings of loneliness among adults with mental disorder. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. 2013 Jan 1;48(1):5-13.
Baoling, Z , Xu Y, Jin D, Zou X, Liu T. Prevalence and correlates of loneliness among Chinese service industry migrant workers: A cross-sectional survey. Medicine. 2016 Jun;95(24).
Beutel ME, Klein EM, Brähler E, Reiner I, Jünger C, Michal M, Wiltink J, Wild PS, Münzel T, Lackner KJ, Tibubos AN. Loneliness in the general population: prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health. BMC psychiatry. 2017 Dec 1;17(1):97.
Grover S, Avasthi A, Sahoo S, Lakdawala B, Dan A, Nebhinani N, Dutt A, Tiwari SC, Subramanyam AA, Kedare J, Suthar N. Relationship of loneliness and social connectedness with depression in elderly: A multicentric study under the aegis of Indian Association for Geriatric Mental Health. Journal of Geriatric Mental Health. 2018 Jul 1;5(2):99.
Joiner TE and Timmans KA (2009). Depression in its interpersonal context. In I.H.Gotib and C.L hammen (eds)handbook of depression, 2nd edition , pp,322-3339.Newyork.Gu..ford press.
Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Thisted RA. Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. Psychology and aging. 2010 Jun;25(2):453.
Niu L, Jia C, Ma Z, Wang G, Sun B, Zhang D, Zhou L. Loneliness, hopelessness and suicide in later life: a case–control psychological autopsy study in rural China. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences. 2020;29.
Wang G, Zhang X, Wang K, Li Y, Shen Q, Ge X, Hang W. Loneliness among the rural older people in Anhui, China: prevalence and associated factors. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. 2011 Nov;26(11):1162-8.
Caspi A, Harrington H, Moffitt TE, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Socially isolated children 20 years later: risk of cardiovascular disease. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2006 Aug 1;160(8):805-11.
Stravynski A, Boyer R. Loneliness in relation to suicide ideation and parasuicide: A population-wide study. Suicide and life-threatening behavior. 2001 Mar 1;31(1):32-40.
Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of behavioral medicine. 2010 Oct 1;40(2):218-27.
Jopling K, Sserwanja I. Loneliness across the life course: a rapid review of the evidence. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, UK Branch. 2016.
Russell DW. UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of personality assessment. 1996 Feb 1;66(1):20-40.
Lasgaard M, Goossens L, Elklit A. Loneliness, depressive symptomatology, and suicide ideation in adolescence: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Journal of abnormal child psychology. 2011 Jan;39(1):137-50.
Wang G, Zhang X, Wang K, Li Y, Shen Q, Ge X, Hang W. Loneliness among the rural older people in Anhui, China: prevalence and associated factors. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. 2011 Nov;26(11):1162-8.
Rojas‐Pernia S, Haya‐Salmón I, Lastra‐Cagigas S, Álvarez‐Sáenz de Santa María L. The importance of social relationships and loneliness: An inclusive research project in Spain. British Journal of Learning Disabilities. 2020 Dec;48(4):291-300.
Victor CR, Scambler SJ, Shah S, Cook DG, Harris T, Rink E, De Wilde S. Has loneliness amongst older people increased? An investigation into variations between cohorts. Ageing & Society. 2012 Sep;22(5):585-97.
Adams KB, Sanders S, Auth EA. Loneliness and depression in independent living retirement communities: Risk and resilience factors. Aging & mental health. 2004 Nov 1;8(6):475-85.
Klein A. Loneliness and depression. What the connection, Health line media.2020.
Huang M. Coping Style Moderates the Relationship Between Depression and Passive Suicidal Ideation Through Loneliness: A Secondary Data Analysis of the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study (Doctoral dissertation, University of Hartford).2021.
Groarke JM, Berry E, Graham-Wisener L, McKenna-Plumley PE, McGlinchey E, Armour C. Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study. PloS one. 2020 Sep 24;15(9):0239698.
Cacioppo JT, Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Hawkley LC, Thisted RA. Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and aging. 2006 Mar;21(1):140.
Yaacob SN, Juhari R, Talib MA, Uba I. Loneliness, stress, self esteem and depression among Malaysian adolescents. Jurnal Kemanusiaan. 2009;7(2).
Yousafzai AW, Siddiqui MN. Association of lower self esteem with depression: A case control study. Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan). 2007;21(3).
Chalise HN. Social Support and its Correlation with Loneliness and Subjective Well‐being: A Cross‐cultural Study of Older Nepalese Adults. Asian Social Work and Policy Review. 2010 Feb;4(1):1-25.
Mushtaq R, Shoib S, Shah T, Mushtaq S. Relationship between loneliness, psychiatric disorders and physical health? A review on the psychological aspects of loneliness. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2014 Sep;8(9): WE01.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Araz Mohammed Abdulkarim,& Salwa Shakir Muhsin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under 